自然禪學會建安靈芝培養場
Jian'an Ganoderma lucidum Cultivation Center of Natural Zen Society
靈芝 (Reishi Mushroom) （本網站純粹提供網民資料服務，不為盈利，如有不當引用，或違反智慧財產權，請即告知，當馬上換下，無限感激。(This website only provides information services for netizens, not for profit. If there is any inappropriate citation or violation of intellectual property rights, please inform us immediately, and we will replace it in no time. Thank you very much.)）
The Reishi - also known by the name of Lingzhi and scientifically named Ganoderma
lucidum
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第一章：歷史簡介（蔡夫子譯）
最早記載於漢代散文詩《西京賦》，這種蘑菇原本是作為“長生不老藥”食用的，如果連續服用可以延年益壽 [2] - 然而，由於這種蘑菇在中國極為罕見野生的，只生長在每 10,000 棵樹中大約兩到三棵樹的基部或樹樁上，在那個時代不可能每天食用。因此，這種蘑菇通常被中國皇室留作藥用，描繪它的藝術品可以在紫禁城和頤和園中找到。今天，它通常在硬木原木或鋸末上可持續種植。It was first recorded in the prose poem "Xijing Fu" of the Han Dynasty. This mushroom was originally eaten as an "eternal medicine". If it is taken continuously, it can prolong life. [2]-However, this mushroom is extremely rare in China and only grows in the wild About two to three of the 10,000 trees had their bases or stumps, and it was impossible to eat them every day at that time. Therefore, this mushroom is usually reserved for medicinal purposes by the Chinese imperial family, and artworks depicting it can be found in the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace. Today, it is usually sustainably grown on hardwood logs or sawdust.
第二章 靈芝的營養
靈芝的營養價值概述
雖然您可以生吃這種蘑菇，但由於其具有橡膠般的軟木質地，許多人更喜歡將其製成粉末狀食用，因為它的烹飪用途更廣泛，而且其風味使其用途廣泛；因此，以下信息與粉狀靈芝有關。
靈芝蘑菇是抗氧化劑、礦物質和大量營養素的極好來源，儘管不是動物性的，但還是蛋白質的良好來源。
Nutrition information
Although you can eat this mushroom raw, because of its rubbery soft woody ground, many people prefer to make it into a powder for eating, because it has more cooking uses and its flavor makes it versatile; therefore, the following information is related to powdered Ganoderma lucidum.
Ganoderma lucidum mushrooms are an excellent source of antioxidants, minerals and macronutrients. Although they are not animal-based, they are also a good source of protein. [3]
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1、靈芝含有多種氨基酸，蛋白質，生物堿、香豆精、甾類、三萜類、揮發油、甘露醇、樹脂及糖類、維生素B2、維生素C、內酯和酶類。硬脂酸、延胡索酸、苯甲酸等為其所含酸內的主要成分。Ganoderma contains a variety of amino acids, protein, biotin, coumarin, steroids, triterpenoids, volatile oil, mannitol, resins and sugars, vitamin B2, vitamin C, lactones and enzymes. Stearic acid, fumaric acid, benzoic acid, etc. are the main components of the acid contained in it.
靈芝中的生物鹼可以抗炎鎮痛；靈芝可以理氣化淤、安氣益神；靈芝孢子粉能止血、排毒、抗氧。The alkaloids in Ganoderma lucidum can be anti-inflammatory and analgesic; Ganoderma lucidum can regulate qi, dissolve silt, soothe qi and nourish the nerves; Ganoderma spore powder can stop bleeding, detoxify, and resist oxygen.
目前，科學家已從靈芝中分離到160餘種化合物，分類如下：At present, scientists have isolated more than 160 compounds from Ganoderma lucidum, which are classified as follows:
營養來源
子實體Fruiting body，fruit body，sporophore，菌絲mycelium
挑選子實體 其多醣體含量達20%以上
一株完整的靈芝，含有多醣體、三萜類、以及16種氨基酸、靈芝酸、微量元素等保健成分，分布在整株靈芝當中；而正是這些多元而獨特的成分，才使得靈芝如此珍貴。醫師何懷德表示，常聽到靈芝的「子實體」和「菌絲體」，其差別就在於是否具備完整的營養價值。所謂的「子實體」就是指整株完整的靈芝，成份完全，採用固體培養，一般而言，須要花費將近半年的時間才能培養出一株靈芝子實體。但在科技發達之下，人們已經能在實驗室裡用快速、低成本的液態發酵方式，從培養皿裡「養」出靈芝菌絲，也就是所謂的「菌絲體」，發酵時間只需要14天，比起養一整株的靈芝省時省力許多。然而，「偷吃步」養出來的菌絲，所含的營養成分自然遠遠不及靈芝子實體紮實；不但營養成分不齊全，活性成分含量也少了許多，生產出的靈芝保健品雖價格低廉，保健價值卻大打折扣。何醫師補充，培養不易的靈芝子實體，珍貴之處除了成分齊全，更是因其具備高分子多醣體，萃取出的多醣體高達20％以上，這是營養價值低的菌絲體所缺乏的。（康健網絡：https://www.commonhealth.com.tw/article/81060)
孢子Reishi spores
靈芝（孢子）發揮抗炎、鎮痛、鎮靜、抗衰老、毒殺腫瘤細胞、抗缺氧等作用的主要功效成分，實驗證明靈芝三萜類具有迅速提高免疫力的作用，同時能夠激活化療藥物難以殺死的G0期腫瘤細胞，進行單獨和聯合毒殺。
人體腫瘤細胞60%為增殖細胞，是腫瘤發展、長大、轉移的基礎，對人體危害極大，但對放化療敏感，易殺滅；40%為G0期細胞，又叫休眠期細胞，不分裂，不生長，但對放化療不敏感，難以被化療等藥物殺死。當某些因素使增殖期細胞大量死亡時（如化療時），G0期腫瘤細胞即可進入增殖週期，成為腫瘤復發的根源。靈芝三萜最大的特點表現為可激活化療藥物難以殺死的G0期腫瘤細胞，驅使其進入細胞生長期，然後聯合化療或單獨毒殺它，防止其結束休眠期後大量繁殖和轉移。靈芝三萜對G0期細胞的獨特作用(百度百科）
壹：蛋白質 protein
靈芝每 100 克含有 19.5 毫克的蛋白質 - 比更常見的平菇高 16.3%。與其他植物性食物不同，蘑菇的蛋白質效率比非常好。
Lingzhi contains 19.5 mg of protein per 100 grams-16.3% higher than the more common oyster mushroom. Unlike other plant foods, mushrooms have a very good protein efficiency ratio.
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蘑菇可以含有理想水平的營養重要礦物質，靈芝是食用蘑菇中特別好的鉀來源。由於靈芝通常以粉末形式存在，並且由於其風味特徵（有些帶有鮮味的苦味），這種蘑菇可以很容易地增加某些食物的營養成分，同時平衡口味——它特別適合任何甜點，因為微苦的鮮味有助於以與橙皮類似的方式使強烈的甜味變得醇厚（在我們的健康庫中查看靈芝蘑菇的食譜）。Ganoderma is a particularly good source of potassium in edible mushrooms. Since Ganoderma is usually in powder form, and due to its flavor characteristics (some with umami bitterness), this mushroom can easily increase the nutritional content of certain foods.
貳：維生素
一 複合維生素 B， 氨基酸，硫胺素、核黃素、葉酸和菸酸
也許最重要的是，尤其是在純素飲食中，靈芝是複合維生素 B 和氨基酸的重要來源。一般來說，蘑菇是氨基酸的重要來源，包含所有必需的氨基酸，並消除了每天嘗試將各種植物來源納入飲食以滿足相同標準的麻煩。 [4]雖然 B 族維生素通常存在於肉類中，但由於來自真菌而非植物界，蘑菇是少數可以找到的優質 B 族維生素來源之一。特別是靈芝，像平菇一樣，是主要復合維生素 B 的完整來源，並含有硫胺素、核黃素、葉酸和菸酸。添加任何形式的靈芝這樣的蘑菇對於任何純素飲食或粉末形式都是有價值的，對於任何希望自然增加飲食中 B 族維生素含量的人來說，這將是一種簡單的方法，而無需單獨服用補充藥丸。 Mushrooms are one of the few sources of high-quality B vitamins that can be found. In particular, Ganoderma lucidum, like Pleurotus ostreatus, is a complete source of the main vitamin B complex and contains thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid and niacin. Adding mushrooms such as Ganoderma lucidum in any form is valuable for any vegan diet or powder form. For anyone who wants to naturally increase the B vitamin content in their diet, this will be a simple method without the need to take them separately Supplement pills.3]
二 維生素 D
最後一種靈芝維生素是維生素 D。靈芝一旦暴露在陽光下曬乾，就會產生大量的維生素 D[5]，這是一種有助於保持皮膚健康的重要維生素，其中可能導致疲勞如果低。它也是免疫系統的主要營養素，因為它被大量用於生產白細胞。然而，儘管它很重要，但在美國抽樣的人中有超過三分之一 (39.92%，2011-2012) 存在缺陷，部分原因是飲食 [6]。靈芝粉是一種提高飲食中維生素 D 水平的簡單方法。
The last, ganoderma vitamin is vitamin D. Once Ganoderma is exposed to the sun and dried, it will produce a large amount of vitamin D[5], which is an important vitamin that helps keep the skin healthy, which may cause fatigue if it is low. It is also a major nutrient of the immune system because it is used in large quantities to produce white blood cells. However, despite its importance, more than one-third of the people sampled in the United States (39.92%, 2011-2012) had defects, partly due to diet [6]. Ganoderma lucidum powder is a simple way to increase vitamin D levels in the diet.
叁：礦物質
礦物質佔人體全部重量的4％，存在骨骼中最多。 人體內存在的礦物質約有二十多種，其中的十四種為人體所必需，在這十四種當中又以鈣（Ca）、磷（P）、鈉（Na）、鉀（K）、鎂（Mg）、硫（S）及氯（Cl），在人體中含量最多，需要量也較大。 礦物質的含量雖少，但卻佔有很重要的地位，如鈣及磷、鎂為骨質中主要成份。（教育部體育署）Minerals make up 4% of the body's total weight and are most abundant in bones. There are about 20 kinds of minerals in the human body, of which 14 kinds are necessary for the human body, and among these 14 kinds are calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K) , Magnesium (Mg), Sulfur (S) and Chlorine (Cl), which are the most abundant in the human body and require a larger amount. Although the content of minerals is small, it occupies a very important position. For example, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium are the main components of bone. (Sports Administration, Ministry of Education)
肆：微量元素
硒：
靈芝可以幫助免疫系統，而不僅僅是在飲食中添加維生素 D。 在靈芝中，硒是某些白細胞形成過程中的關鍵營養素，它被生物轉化為含硒蛋白質，該蛋白質在 T 和 B 淋巴細胞的形成中具有優勢。 [7] 這使靈芝成為一種可以幫助調節免疫系統的適應原。靈芝可以幫助免疫系統，而不僅僅是在飲食中添加維生素 D。 在靈芝中，硒是某些白細胞形成過程中的關鍵營養素，它被生物轉化為含硒蛋白質，該蛋白質在 T 和 B 淋巴細胞的形成中具有優勢。 [7] 這使靈芝成為一種可以幫助調節免疫系統的適應原。Reishi can help the immune system with potentially more than by just adding vitamin D into a diet. In Reishi, selenium, a key nutrient in the formation of certain white blood cells, is biotransformed into Selenium containing proteins, which is preferential in the formation of T- and B- Lymphocytes.[7] This makes Reishi an adaptogen that can help modulate the immune system.
伍：綜合效用Other Potential Benefits
一 治療的癌症
在一項針對 48 名接受內分泌治療的癌症患者對靈芝孢子影響的小型初步研究中，給予靈芝孢子的組報告說，他們感到焦慮和抑鬱減少，疲勞減少，TNF-α（腫瘤壞死因子）水平較低 α，一種參與全身炎症的細胞信號蛋白（細胞因子））和較低水平的 IL-6（白細胞介素 6 是一種白細胞介素，既可作為促炎細胞因子又可作為抗炎肌因子 - 在這種情況下，促 測量炎症細胞因子效應）。 In one small pilot study of 48 cancer patients undergoing endocrine therapy on the effects of Reishi spore, the group given the spore reported feeling less anxious and depressed, as well as had less fatigue, and had lower levels of TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor alpha, a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation) and lower levels of IL-6 (Interleukin 6 is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine - in this case, the pro-inflammatory cytokinic effects were measured).
The sample size was small, however, and the patients had breast cancer as well which could have effects, so further research would be needed.
(Note: I would like to emphasize on this point that although there are studies of refined compounds in Reishi possibly treating specific types of cancer tumors, this study was not about using Reishi to treat cancer - just to see if Reishi spores could improve mood in a population that is prone to being in a poor mood - breast cancer patients).
靈芝可以幫助免疫系統
Reishi can help the immune system with potentially more than by just adding vitamin D into a diet. In Reishi, selenium, a key nutrient in the formation of certain white blood cells, is biotransformed into Selenium containing proteins, which is preferential in the formation of T- and B- Lymphocytes.[7] This makes Reishi an adaptogen that can help modulate the immune system.靈芝可以幫助免疫系統，而不僅僅是在飲食中添加維生素 D。 在靈芝中，硒是某些白細胞形成過程中的關鍵營養素，它被生物轉化為含硒蛋白質，該蛋白質在 T 和 B 淋巴細胞的形成中具有優勢。 [7] 這使靈芝成為一種可以幫助調節免疫系統的適應原。
平衡情緒
靈芝的另一個潛在適應性好處是平衡情緒。 雖然沒有靈芝對免疫系統的好處的研究和結論，但有一些證據表明靈芝含有可以改善情緒的化合物。 在一項針對 48 名接受內分泌治療的癌症患者對靈芝孢子影響的小型初步研究中，給予靈芝孢子的組報告說，他們感到焦慮和抑鬱減少，疲勞減少，TNF-α（腫瘤壞死因子）水平較低 α，一種參與全身炎症的細胞信號蛋白（細胞因子））和較低水平的 IL-6（白細胞介素 6 是一種白細胞介素，既可作為促炎細胞因子又可作為抗炎肌因子 - 在這種情況下，促 測量炎症細胞因子效應）。Another potential adaptogenic benefit of Reishi is in balancing mood. Although less researched and conclusive than Reishi’s benefits on the immune system, there is some evidence that Reishi contains compounds that can improve mood.
A newer study does reinforce the possibility of Reishi having mood improving potential however, as the newer study, using Reishi’s mycelium (MAK) on rats, noted improvements in the rats after submitting them through a series of stressful tasks.[9] Ultimately, more research is needed is still needed into this, but overall Reishi spores / mycelia may have positive effects on mood.
陸：副作用
柒：結論Conclusion
靈芝是一種很好的食物，可以融入飲食，它的粉末狀使其用途廣泛，可用於烹飪或快速冰沙，甚至可以作為在家自製或購買的補充粉末的一部分。 它可以添加一些額外的維生素 D，並且在純素飲食中特別有用，儘管它不是動物產品，但它可以提供全方位的 B 族複合維生素。 靈芝可能的免疫調節作用也是一個額外的好處，幫助您保持健康和高效！
Reishi Mushroom is a great food to incorporate into a diet, with its powdered form making it versatile to use in cooking or for quick smoothies or even as a part of supplementary powders made at home or purchased. It can add some extra vitamin D, and it is especially useful in Vegan diets, providing the full spectrum of B complex vitamins despite not being an animal product. Reishi’s possible immune-regulating effects are an added plus as well, helping you stay healthy and productive!
https://peakandvalley.co/blogs/wellness-library/the-nutritional-profile-of-reishi-mushroom-health-benefits-history
10大類：
多糖體Polysaccharide
多醣在體內發揮著巨大的作用。 多醣，有時也稱為“聚醣”，有兩個作用：有些，如澱粉或糖原，有助於儲存我們從食用食物中獲得的能量。 其他幫助細胞結構。 用於儲存的多醣的一個常見例子是纖維素。
Polysaccharides play a huge role in the body. Polysaccharides, sometimes called “glycans”, have two roles: some, like starch or glycogen, help store the energy we gain from consuming food. Others help with cell structure. One common example of a polysaccharide used for storage is cellulose.
靈芝多醣體 調整體質功能
靈芝，為中國自古以來的養生聖品。其內含的靈芝多醣體成分，可有效助於體質調節。而古人早就發現此祕密，甚至將靈芝稱為「仙草」。雖說靈芝是好的食用補品，但若有免疫系統問題，建議還是經由醫師建議再食用會較好喔！
核苷類 Nucleoside
Nucleosides are glycosylamines that can be thought of as nucleotides without a phosphate group.
靈芝核苷類指的是核苷 (nucleotide) 與核苷酸 (nucleoside)，兩者的差 別只在於是否具有磷酸的官能基而已（圖1及圖2），即具有磷酸 官能基者稱為核苷酸，無磷酸官能基者稱為核苷，兩者在生物體內扮演 「調整細胞能量代謝」及「幫助細胞適應環境」的主要功能。 由於磷酸官能基，很容易在分離或加熱時脫離而留下核苷，因此靈 芝在核苷類文獻上的報告，大多為核苷，主要包括腺苷（adenosine）， 尿核苷 （uridine）及鳥糞核苷（guanosine）等三種。 而這三種核苷，恰好皆為西藥原料，在治療上常用於高血壓、肌肉 萎縮症、腦中風後遺症、狹心症等疾病，合併使用時用於治療神經機能 衰弱症(1)。故靈芝核苷有那些活性呢？其實就是以上西藥所描述，注射 時對腦、心血管疾病及神經系統疾病具有治療的作用。（成功大學化學系學士（1982-1986），台 灣師範大學化學研究所碩士，有機化學組 （1986-1988），台灣師範大學化學研究 所博士，陳登海博士）
Bachelor of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University (1982-1986), Taiwan
MS, Institute of Chemistry, Bay Normal University, Organic Chemistry Group
(1986-1988), Research in Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University
Ph.D.--Dr. Chen Denghai）
三萜類
Triterpenes are a class of chemical compounds composed of three terpene units with the molecular formula C30H48; they may also be thought of as consisting of six isoprene units. The triterpenes (AKA essential oils) in the mushrooms may also inhibit the development and metastasis of tumors.
三萜是一類由三個萜單元組成的化合物，分子式為C30H48； 它們也可以被認為是由六個異戊二烯單元組成。 蘑菇中的三萜（又名精油）也可能抑制腫瘤的發展和轉移。
靈芝酸 B 和 C (ganoderic acid B and C)
Ganoderic acid, a triterpinoid found in the reishi mushroom, in the inhibition of the development and metastasis of tumors.
The same triterpenes that displayed anti-cancer properties in other studies appear to aid the release of free radicals and promote liver cell regeneration.
呋喃類Furan
What is furan and why is it in coffee and other foods?
Dr. Winter: Furan is a naturally-occurring chemical that has been found at low levels in several food items. Scientists believe that its origin in food is likely as a breakdown product from traditional heat treatment processes such as cooking and canning.
Furan has been identified as a “possible human carcinogen.” Does that mean it is dangerous?
甾醇類Sterol
植物甾醇存在於蔬菜、水果、小麥胚芽、全穀物、豆類、向日葵等植物中
種子和許多植物油。 植物甾醇可以幫助降低您的低密度脂蛋白膽固醇或“壞”膽固醇。 一個
高 LDL-C 會增加您患心髒病的風險。 儘管許多植物性食物含有植物甾醇，你可能沒有吃足夠的植物性食物來降低你的 LDL-C。 你可能需要吃一些補充植物甾醇的食物，以獲得降低 LDL-C 量。
生物鹼類、alkaloid
生物鹼在非常小的劑量下對動物和人類生物體顯示出強烈的生物效應。 生物鹼不僅存在於人類日常生活中的食物和飲料中，而且還作為興奮劑存在。 它們表現出抗炎、抗癌、鎮痛、局部麻醉和鎮痛、神經藥理學、抗菌、抗真菌和許多其他活性。 生物鹼在醫學和人類生活中的其他應用中可用作飲食成分、補充劑和藥物。 生物鹼也是有機合成中的重要化合物，用於尋找可能比母體化合物具有更好生物活性的新的半合成和合成化合物。碱大都是氨基酸的衍生物，尝起来有苦涩味。
Alkaloids showed strong biological effects on animal and human organisms in very small doses. Alkaloids are present not only in human daily life in food and drinks but also as stimulant drugs. They showed anti-inflammatory, anticancer, analgesics, local anesthetic and pain relief, neuropharmacologic, antimicrobial, antifungal, and many other activities. Alkaloids are useful as diet ingredients, supplements, and pharmaceuticals, in medicine and in other applications in human life. Alkaloids are also important compounds in organic synthesis for searching new semisynthetic and synthetic compounds with possibly better biological activity than parent compounds.
胺基酸蛋白質類
油脂類
無機離子Inorganic ions
In animals and plants are ions necessary for vital cellular activity.[1] In body tissues, ions are also known as electrolytes, essential for the electrical activity needed to support muscle contractions and neuron activation. They contribute to osmotic pressure of body fluids as well as performing a number of other important functions.動物和植物中的離子是重要細胞活動所必需的營養素。 在身體組織中，離子也稱為電解質，它與肌肉收縮和神經元激活所需的電活動至關重要。 它們有助於體液的滲透壓的形成以及執行許多其他重要功能。
· Ca2+ – calcium ions are a component of bones and teeth. They also function as biological messengers, as do most of the ions listed below. Ca2+ – 鈣離子是骨骼和牙齒的組成部分。它們還充當生物信使，就像下面列出的大多數離子一樣。見低鈣血症
- zinc ions are found in very small concentrations in the body, and their main purpose is that of an antioxidant; the zinc ions act as antioxidants both generally and for liver specific prooxidants.Zinc ions can also act as an antioxidant-like stabilizer for some macro-molecules which bind zinc ions with high affinity, especially in cysteine-rich binding sites. These binding sites use these zinc ions as a stabilizer to protein folds, making these protein motifs more rigid in structure. These structures include zinc fingers, and have several different conformations. Zn2+ - 鋅離子在體內的濃度非常低，它們的主要用途是抗氧化劑；鋅離子通常作為抗氧化劑和肝臟特異性促氧化劑。鋅離子還可以作為一些大分子的抗氧化劑類穩定劑，這些大分子以高親和力結合鋅離子，尤其是在富含半胱氨酸的結合位點。這些結合位點使用這些鋅離子作為蛋白質折疊的穩定劑，使這些蛋白質基序在結構上更加剛性。這些結構包括鋅指，並有幾種不同的構象。
· K+ – potassium ions' main function in animals is osmotic balance, particularly in the kidneys. See hypokalemia.· K+ – 鉀離子在動物體內的主要功能是滲透平衡，尤其是在腎臟中。防止低鉀血症。
· Mn2+- manganese ions are seen being used as stabilizer for varying protein configurations. However, manganese ion overexposure is linked to several neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Na+ – sodium ions have a similar role to potassium ions. See sodium deficiency. · Na+ – 鈉離子與鉀離子的作用相似。 Mn2+- 錳離子被認為被用作各種蛋白質構型的穩定劑。然而，錳離子過度暴露與帕金森氏病等多種神經退行性疾病有關。 Mg2+ – 鎂離子是葉綠素的組成部分。 Mg2+ – magnesium ions are a component of chlorophyll. See magnesium deficiency
靈芝含有的“鍺”，能使人體血液吸收氧的能力增加1.5倍，因此可以促進新陳代謝並有延緩老化的作用，還有增強皮膚本身修護功能的功效，可用於各種慢性病所致的面色黃萎及由於氣血不足而致的面部光澤等癥;靈芝所含有機鍺可誘導人體產生並激活NK細胞和巨噬細胞活性，參與免疫調節。The "germanium" contained in Ganoderma lucidum can increase the ability of human blood to absorb oxygen by 1.5 times, so it can promote metabolism and delay aging, as well as enhance the repair function of the skin itself, which can be used for various chronic diseases. Vertigo and facial gloss due to lack of qi and blood; organic germanium contained in Ganoderma lucidum can induce the body to produce and activate the activity of NK cells and macrophages, and participate in immune regulation.
肽聚糖，肽葡聚糖peptidoglycans
Peptidoglycan or murein is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like peptidoglycan layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria, forming the cell wall.肽聚醣或胞壁蛋白是由糖和氨基酸組成的聚合物，在大多數細菌的質膜外形成網狀肽聚醣層，形成細胞壁。
礦物質
Potassium
selenium硒/xī/
In Reishi, selenium, a key nutrient in the formation of certain white blood cells, is biotransformed(轉化) into Selenium containing proteins, which is preferential in the formation of T- and B- Lymphocytes.[7] This makes Reishi an adaptogen（調理素） that can help modulate the immune system.
稀有元素“鍺”(Germanium)有機鍺等
靈芝含有極豐富的稀有元素「鍺」，能使人體血液吸收氧的能力增加1.5倍，因此可以促進新陳代謝並有延緩老化的作用，還有增強皮膚本身修護功能的功效，可用於各種慢性病所致的面色黃萎及由於氣血不足而致的面部光澤等症。Ganoderma lucidum is rich in rare element "germanium", which can increase the ability of human blood to absorb oxygen by 1.5 times, so it can promote metabolism, delay aging, and enhance the skin's own repair function. It can be used in various chronic diseases. Vitality caused by the complexion and facial luster due to lack of qi and blood embolism.
Germanium（鍺） is a chemical element that can be found in trace amounts in some ores and carbon-based materials. Some people promote it as a treatment for HIV and AIDS, cancer, and other conditions.
But the purported health benefits of germanium haven’t been supported by research. Germanium can also cause serious side effects, including potentially life-threatening kidney damage.
蛋白質
多糖體、核苷類、三萜類、多肽被認為是靈芝神草的「魂寶」，為各國生物學家、真菌學家、藥物學家研究的焦點。靈芝的苦味成分屬於三萜。
原文網址：https://kknews.cc/health/r9kxyzn.html
維他命B群，氨基酸，B-complex vitamins and amino acids
· Benefits:
considerable amounts of D vitamin[5], an important vitamin that helps maintain skin health and of which can cause fatigue if low. It is also a primary nutrient for the immune system, as it is heavily used in the production of white blood cells.
β-葡聚糖
Researchers believe beta glucans（β-葡聚糖） in the mushrooms may prevent new blood vessel growth, which is key as cancer cells need a steady blood supply to grow. The beta-glucans found in reishi are believed to aid in the management of diabetes. However, according to a 2015 Cochrane Review, any studies in humans have been of low quality and there's little to no evidence that taking reishi will have a positive effect on cardiovascular disease risk factors in people with diabetes.4
One human study from 2004, involving 71 adults with type 2 diabetes, concluded that 1800-milligram extract of G. lucidum was able to significantly reduce blood glucose and HbA1C levels after 12 weeks compared to a placebo.
Further research is needed to substantiate these findings.
第三章 靈芝的綜合效用
其他潛在好處
靈芝可以幫助免疫系統，而不僅僅是在飲食中添加維生素 D。在靈芝中，硒是某些白細胞形成的關鍵營養素，它被生物轉化為含硒的蛋白質，優先形成 T 和 B 淋巴細胞。 [7]這使得靈芝成為一種可以幫助調節免疫系統的適應原。
靈芝的另一個潛在適應性益處是平衡情緒。儘管與靈芝對免疫系統的益處相比，研究和結論較少，但有一些證據表明靈芝含有可以改善情緒的化合物。在一項針對 48 名接受內分泌治療的癌症患者對靈芝孢子的影響進行的小型試點研究中，給予孢子的治療組報告說，他們的焦慮和沮喪感減輕了，疲勞感也減輕了，TNF-α（腫瘤壞死因子）水平較低。 α，一種參與全身炎症的細胞信號蛋白（細胞因子）和較低水平的 IL-6（白細胞介素 6 是一種白細胞介素，它既是促炎細胞因子又是抗炎肌因子——在這種情況下，pro-測量了炎症細胞因子效應），如在
The last vitamin of note in Reishi I’d like to cover is vitamin D. Reishi, once exposed to the sun and dried, produces considerable amounts of D vitamin[5], an important vitamin that helps maintain skin health and of which can cause fatigue if low. It is also a primary nutrient for the immune system, as it is heavily used in the production of white blood cells. Yet, despite its importance, over a third of those sampled (39.92%, 2011-2012) in the USA are deficient, in part due to diet [6]. Powdered Reishi can be an easy way to give one’s diet a boost in Vitamin D levels.
綜合效用：
參考:paper Written by Grant Tinsley, PhD on March 31, 2018
1. 提高免疫系統 Improve immune system
靈芝可以影響白細胞中的基因，白細胞是免疫系統的關鍵部分。它們可以增強免疫系統。從歷史上看，靈芝一直被用作免疫系統增強劑——它們甚至在亞洲文化中被用作艾滋病毒和癌症患者的免疫刺激劑。 蘑菇中的β-葡聚醣（複合糖）被認為可以刺激免疫系統以防止感染。
Reishi can affect the genes in white blood cells, which are critical parts of your immune system.They can boost the immune system. Historically, reishi mushrooms haveen ued as an immune system enhancer—they're even used in Asian cultures as an immunostimulant for patients with HIV and cancer. The beta glucans (complex sugars) in the mushroom are believed to stimulate the immune system to prevent infection.
2. 改變白細胞中的炎症通路 Alter inflammation pathways
某些形式的靈芝可能會改變白細胞中的炎症通路。對癌症患者的研究表明，在蘑菇中發現的一些分子可以增加一種稱為自然殺傷細胞的白細胞的活性在一項研究中，這種真菌得到了改善 暴露於壓力條件下的運動員的淋巴細胞功能，有助於對抗感染和癌症
Some forms of reishi may alter inflammation pathways in white blood cells。 Research in cancer patients has shown that some of the molecules found in the mushroom can increase the activity of a type of white blood cell called natural killer cells In one study, the fungus improved lymphocyte function, which helps fight infections and cancer, in athletes exposed to stressful conditions.
3. 抗癌特性 Anti-Cancer Properties
Many people consume this fungus due to its potential cancer-fighting properties (11, 12Trusted Source).
In fact, one study of over 4,000 breast cancer survivors found that around 59% consumed reishi mushroom (13Trusted Source).
Additionally, several test-tube studies have shown that it can lead to the death of cancer cells (14Trusted Source, 15Trusted Source, 16Trusted Source).
Yet the results of these studies do not necessarily equate to effectiveness in animals or humans.
Some research has investigated if reishi could be beneficial for prostate cancer due to its effects on the hormone testosterone (17, 18Trusted Source).
While one case study showed that molecules found in this mushroom may reverse prostate cancer in humans, a larger follow-up study did not support these findings (19Trusted Source, 20Trusted Source).
Reishi mushroom has also been studied for its role in preventing or fighting colorectal cancer (2Trusted Source, 21Trusted Source).
Some research showed that one year of treatment with reishi decreased the number and size of tumors in the large intestine (21Trusted Source).
What’s more, a detailed report of multiple studies indicated that the mushroom can beneficially affect cancer patients (22Trusted Source).
These benefits included increasing the activity of the body’s white blood cells, which help fight cancer, and improving quality of life in cancer patients.
However, researchers state that reishi should be administered in combination with traditional treatment rather than replacing it (22Trusted Source).
What’s more, many of the studies of reishi mushroom and cancer were not high-quality. Because of this, much more research is needed (11, 23Trusted Source).
SUMMARY Although reishi mushroom appears to hold some promise for cancer prevention or treatment, more information is needed before it becomes part of standard therapy. However, it may be appropriate to use in addition to normal care in some cases
Numerous studies have been done on reishi mushrooms' effect on cancer cells. The results have been intriguing—one small study in the Journal of Oncology found that tumors shrunk in three cancer patients that were taking reishi mushrooms. Researchers believe beta glucans（β-葡聚醣） in the mushrooms may prevent new blood vessel growth, which is key as cancer cells need a steady blood supply to grow. The triterpenes (AKA essential oils) in the mushrooms may also inhibit the development and metastasis of tumors. Additional research indicates that the mushrooms could alleviate chemotherapy-induced nausea and improve the efficacy of radiation therapy.
That said, if you're currently undergoing cancer treatment, be sure to check in with your doctor before adding reishi mushrooms to your routine, as they may interact with your protocol.
In 2011, a review of reishi mushrooms’ use in cancer treatment expanded on these findings, suggesting that bioactive compounds within the fungus may actually seek out and eradicate existing cancerous cells within the body. The research surrounding the impact reishi mushrooms has on cancer is pretty promising, so why not give it a try?
In the lab, reishi has been shown to kill tumor cells and boost the activity of immune cells such as natural killer cells (NK), T-cells, B-cells, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and phagocytes (which ingest other cells).
A 2016 review of studies from the University of Maryland evaluated five clinical trials involving the use of G. lucidum in treating cancer. The results of the studies were largely mixed and often contradictory.5
Among some of the findings:
An increase in the immune response, as measured by T-cells, was relatively modest in people taking G. lucidum, ranging from 2% to 4%.
One of the reviewed studies reported an increase in NK cells; another showed no response.
A slightly larger number of people on chemotherapy reported a better quality of life when taking G. lucidum compared to those who didn't.
Few side effects were reported in any of the studies.
The investigators stated the quality of the studies ranged from low to very low. Based on the current body of research, they concluded that there was insufficient evidence to justify the use of G. lucidum in the treatment of cancer.5
There are other types of medicinal mushrooms that may help strengthen your immune system which includes maitake, ganoderma, and shiitake.
許多人食用這種真菌是因為它具有潛在的抗癌特性。事實上，一項針對 4,000 多名乳腺癌倖存者的研究發現，大約 59% 的人食用了靈芝。此外，幾項試管研究表明，它會導致癌細胞死亡。一些研究調查了靈芝是否對前列腺癌有益，因為它對激素睾酮有影響。
雖然一項案例研究表明，在這種蘑菇中發現的分子可能會逆轉人類的前列腺癌，但更大的後續研究並不支持這些發現。
還研究了靈芝在預防或對抗結腸直腸癌中的作用。
一些研究表明，靈芝治療一年可以減少大腸腫瘤的數量和大小（21 可信來源）。
此外，多項研究的詳細報告表明，蘑菇可以對癌症患者產生有益的影響（22 可信來源）。
這些好處包括增加身體白細胞的活性，這有助於對抗癌症，並提高癌症患者的生活質量。
但是，研究人員指出，靈芝應與傳統治療結合使用，而不是取代它（22 可信來源）。
更重要的是，許多關於靈芝與癌症的研究並不高質量。因此，需要更多的研究（11、23 可信來源）。
總結 儘管靈芝似乎對癌症的預防或治療有一定的希望，但在它成為標準治療的一部分之前還需要更多的信息。但是，在某些情況下，在正常護理之外使用可能是合適的
已經對靈芝對癌細胞的影響進行了大量研究。結果很有趣——《腫瘤學雜誌》上的一項小型研究發現，三名服用靈芝的癌症患者的腫瘤縮小了。研究人員認為，蘑菇中的 β-葡聚醣（β-葡聚醣）可能會阻止新血管的生長，這很關鍵，因為癌細胞需要穩定的血液供應才能生長。蘑菇中的三萜（又名精油）也可能抑制腫瘤的發展和轉移。進一步的研究表明，蘑菇可以減輕化療引起的噁心並提高放射治療的療效。
也就是說，如果您目前正在接受癌症治療，請務必先諮詢您的醫生，然後再將靈芝添加到您的日常生活中，因為它們可能會與您的協議相互作用。
2011 年，一項關於靈芝在癌症治療中的應用的綜述擴展了這些發現，表明靈芝中的生物活性化合物實際上可能會尋找並根除體內現有的癌細胞。圍繞靈芝對癌症的影響的研究非常有希望，那麼為什麼不嘗試一下呢？
在實驗室中，靈芝已被證明可以殺死腫瘤細胞並增強免疫細胞的活性，例如自然殺傷細胞 (NK)、T 細胞、B 細胞、腫瘤壞死因子 (TNF) 和吞噬細胞（吞噬其他細胞） ）。
馬里蘭大學 2016 年的一項研究回顧評估了五項涉及使用靈芝治療癌症的臨床試驗。研究結果在很大程度上是混合的，而且往往是矛盾的。5
在一些發現中：
以 T 細胞測量的免疫反應的增加在服用靈芝的人中相對溫和，範圍從 2% 到 4%。
其中一項審查的研究報告了 NK 細胞的增加。另一個沒有回應。
與未服用靈芝的人相比，接受化療的人數略多一些，他們報告說服用靈芝的生活質量更好。
在任何研究中都報告了很少的副作用。
研究人員表示，研究的質量從低到非常低不等。根據目前的研究，他們得出的結論是，沒有足夠的證據證明使用靈芝治療癌症是合理的。 5
還有其他類型的藥用蘑菇可能有助於增強您的免疫系統，包括舞茸、靈芝和香菇。
4. Could Fight Fatigue and Depression
Reishi’s effects on the immune system are often most emphasized, but it has other potential advantages as well.
These include reduced fatigue and depression, as well as improved quality of life.
One study examined its effects in 132 people with neurasthenia, a poorly defined condition associated with aches, pains, dizziness, headaches and irritability (24Trusted Source).
The researchers found that fatigue was reduced and well-being was improved after 8 weeks of taking the supplements.
Another study found that fatigue was reduced and quality of life was improved after 4 weeks of taking reishi powder in a group of 48 breast cancer survivors (25Trusted Source).
What’s more, the people in the study also experienced less anxiety and depression.
While reishi mushroom may hold promise for people with certain diseases or illnesses, it is not clear if it would benefit those who are otherwise healthy.
SUMMARY Some preliminary studies have shown that reishi mushroom could decrease anxiety and depression as well as improve quality of life in those with certain medical conditions.
Reishi mushrooms are adaptogens, plants that help the body combat stress. In one study of 132 patients suffering from neurasthenia 神經衰弱症(a condition characterized by physical and mental exhaustion), consumption of a compound found in reishi mushrooms was shown to improve aches, pains, and feelings of irritability.
5. Neuroprotective properties.
Want to improve your memory and protect your brain against some of the diseases that come with aging? There are a number of ways to do this, and reishi mushrooms might be one of them. In 2012, Neuropharmacology published a study that found reishi mushrooms may have neuroprotective effects in rodents, which could be important in future research surrounding Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, it was shown that reishi extract supports the production of nerve growth factor, a protein that is vital for healthy neurological function.
6. Heart Health
One 12-week study of 26 people showed that reishi mushroom may increase “good” HDL cholesterol and decrease triglycerides (26Trusted Source).
However, other research in healthy adults showed no improvement in these heart disease risk factors (10Trusted Source).
Moreover, a large analysis demonstrated no beneficial effects for heart health after examining five different studies containing around 400 people. The researchers found that consuming reishi mushroom for up to 16 weeks did not improve cholesterol (27Trusted Source).
Overall, more research is needed in regard to reishi mushrooms and heart health.
7. Blood Sugar Control
Several studies have indicated that molecules found in the reishi mushroom can decrease blood sugar in animals (28Trusted Source, 29Trusted Source).
Some preliminary research in humans reported similar findings (30).
However, the majority of research has not supported this benefit. After evaluating hundreds of participants, researchers found no benefits for fasting blood sugar (27Trusted Source).
Mixed results were seen for blood sugar after meals. In some cases, reishi mushroom lowered blood sugar, but in other cases, it was worse than a placebo.
Again, more research is needed here as well.
8. Help regenerate the liver.
If you want to keep your liver doing its job effectively (in other words, eliminating toxins), trying giving reishi mushrooms a try. In, a study in Food and Chemical Toxicology used the power of the reishi mushroom to reverse chemical-driven liver damage in mice. The same triterpenes that displayed anti-cancer properties in other studies appear to aid the release of free radicals and promote liver cell regeneration.
9. Antioxidant Status
Antioxidants are molecules that can help prevent damage to your cells (31).
Because of this important function, there is substantial interest in foods and supplements that can enhance antioxidant status in the body.
Many claim that reishi mushroom is effective for this purpose.
However, several studies have found no change in the levels of two important antioxidant enzymes in the blood after consuming the fungus for 4 to 12 weeks (10Trusted Source, 26Trusted Source).
SUMMARYA small amount of research has shown that reishi mushroom could improve good cholesterol or blood sugar. However, the majority of the research indicates that it does not improve cholesterol, blood sugar or antioxidants in the body.
10. Other Uses of germanium
Some people believe that organic germanium stimulates your body’s immune system and protects healthy cells. It’s touted as a remedy for a range of conditions. For example, it’s promoted as an alternative health treatment for:
https://www.healthline.com/health/is-germanium-a-miracle-cure#uses
11. 一種抗生素An antibiotic
Reishi is purported to help control blood sugar levels, liver problems, immune system issues, and as an antibiotic. A 2007 study from Japan, involving 18 people, reported that a herbal remedy containing G. lucidum was able to shorten the duration of HSV-2 (genital herpes生殖器皰疹) outbreak from an average of 10.9 days to 4.0 days. An earlier study in 1998 by the same team reported that a G. lucidum extract was able to dramatically reduced postherpetic pain in two people with an HZV (shingles) infection and two people with treatment-resistant HSV-2.3
The conclusions from both of the studies are limited by their size and the lack of qualitative measures for postherpetic pain.
There is even less evidence supporting the antibacterial effects of reishi. Although there have several studies demonstrating how G. lucidum can neutralize bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the test tube, there is little proof that consuming a reishi extract will do the same.
Of the available studies, an early investigation in 1998 from Japan reported that a 2-milligram injection of G. lucidum extract in mice inoculated with E. coli improved survival rates from 33 percent to over 80 percent.
Other studies have found no effect, whether the extract was delivered orally or by injection.
7. 改善情緒，並可能抵禦抑鬱症。 improve mood and might fend off depression.
Struggling with depression, anxiety, or irritability? While reishi mushrooms won't cure it once and for all, there is some evidence to suggest that eating, drinking, or taking reishi mushroom supplements could do quite a bit to ease some of the symptoms. One small study conducted on 132 Chinese patients with a condition called neurasthenia（神经衰弱症）, found that the group who ingested reishi mushrooms extracts for eight weeks had improved reports of aches, pains, and dizziness. Not only that, but their feelings of irritability improved, suggesting that reishi mushrooms may also act as a mood booster.. As an added bonus, this study also suggests that reishi mushrooms can help with pain as well.
8. 改善肥胖現象
曾任美國國家衛生研究院(NIH)癌症研究所的諮詢委員，現職洛克菲勒大學分子免疫及細胞生物學系兼任教授、長庚大學、明志科大、長庚科大、長庚生技、美國Inteplast Group 董事長，楊定一博士研究簡介
肥胖近來已被科學家指出為一種腸道菌叢失衡的代謝異常之慢性發炎性疾病，有效避免腸道失衡為未來治療肥胖的新興治療方式。醫用中草藥-靈芝(Ganoderma lucidum)已被報導具有改善第二型糖尿病與降低血糖之效用，然而，靈芝是否具有減肥與調節腸道菌叢之功效仍舊未知。
在長庚大學與長庚生技團隊攜手合作最新發表於《自然通訊》科學期刊的研究成果中，利用小鼠高脂飲食肥胖模式，發現靈芝菌絲體水萃液可以顯著降低體重，進而改善慢性發炎、降低脂肪堆積與胰島素阻抗。搭配次世代腸道菌相分析與糞便腸道菌叢回補實驗，證明靈芝菌絲體水萃液是透過調節腸道菌叢平衡與腸道障壁完整性達減肥功效。進一步利用靈芝菌絲體水萃液的活性物質分析中發現，大於300kDa的靈芝高分子量多醣體具有與水萃液相同的抑制肥胖與降低相關發炎代謝異常。此研究結果不僅顯示出靈芝高分子量多醣體的減肥功效，並解開之中的作用機轉。未來，靈芝高分子量多醣體極具潛力應用於防治肥胖相關代謝疾病以及腸道失衡症狀。
本項與其他蕈菇類的研究，代表楊定一博士透過台灣各個醫學與研究機構，利用最新的生物醫學與生物科技方法，致力於整合東西醫學的努力，更代表一個探索古老文化的典範並透過科學來驗證其整體健康方案。
Possible Side Effects and Dangers
Reishi is usually well-tolerated with few significant side effects. Reishi also contains a substance that may act like a blood thinner, potentially triggering bloody stools, nosebleeds, and easy bruising.6
Reishi should be avoided in people with bleeding disorders or liver disease. It should not be used if you are taking anticoagulants like warfarin or are scheduled to have surgery as it may increase the risk of bleeding.
Despite its popularity, there are those who have questioned the safety of reishi mushroom.
Some research found that those who took reishi mushroom for 4 months were almost two times as likely to experience a side effect as those taking a placebo (22Trusted Source).
第四章 靈芝的副作用
1. cause your blood pressure to drop
靈芝也可能導致您的血壓下降，如果您正在服用抗高血壓藥物，應避免使用。 這樣做可能會導致低血壓（低血壓），引發頭暈、疲勞、噁心和視力模糊。Reishi may also cause your blood pressure to drop and should be avoided if you are taking antihypertensive medications. Doing so may lead to hypotension (low blood pressure), triggering dizziness, fatigue, nausea, and blurry vision.
2. upset stomach or digestive distress
However, these effects were minor and included a slightly increased risk of upset stomach or digestive distress. No adverse effects on liver health were reported.
3. detrimenal effects on the liver or kidneys
Other research also indicated that four weeks of taking reishi mushroom extract did not produce any detrimental effects on the liver or kidneys in healthy adults (10Trusted Source).
In contrast to these reports, significant liver problems have been reported in two case studies (34Trusted Source, 35Trusted Source).
Both of the people in the case studies had previously used reishi mushroom without problems but experienced adverse effects after switching to a powdered form.
This makes it difficult to know for certain if the mushroom itself was responsible for the observed liver damage or if there were problems with the powdered extract.
It is also important to note that many studies of reishi mushroom have not reported safety data, so limited information is available overall (22Trusted Source).
Nevertheless, there are several groups of people who should probably avoid reishi.
避食者
1. pregnant or breastfeeding
These include those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, have a blood disorder, will be undergoing surgery or have
2. low blood pressure (36).
SUMMARYSome studies of reishi mushroom have not provided safety information, but others have reported that several months of taking it is likely safe. Nonetheless, several cases of severe liver damage have been associated with reishi extract.
One review of studies found that reishi mushrooms may help with boosting the immune system, but the authors would not recommend them as a first response to cancer. A few people reported side effects, which included:
skin rashes
liver damage
The Bottom Line
Reishi mushroom is a popular fungus used in Eastern medicine.
It may boost the immune system through its effects on white blood cells, particularly in people who are ill, such as those with cancer.
This fungus may also be able to decrease the size and number of tumors in certain types of cancer, as well as improve quality of life for some cancer patients.
Most human research has shown that it does not improve cholesterol, blood sugar or antioxidants, but it may be effective at reducing fatigue or depression in some cases.
Other potential side effects include:
nausea
chronic diarrhea
liver toxicity
dryness in the mouth, throat, and nose
itchiness
nosebleeds
bloody stool
Liver toxicity is a dangerous side effect that can lead to death.
靈芝味甘苦、性平，歸心、肺、肝、脾經;可養心安神，寂肺益氣，理氣化淤、滋肝健脾。主治虛勞體弱，神疲乏力，心悸失眠，頭目昏暈，久咳氣喘，食少納呆。
3、靈芝中的多糖具有雙向調節機體免疫力，抗腫瘤和護肝的作用;;靈芝中的生物堿可以抗炎鎮痛;靈芝孢子粉能止血、排毒、抗氧。
靈芝孢子粉的作用
對神經衰弱的效果
據北京、武漢等有關醫院用靈芝孢子粉治療神經衰弱患者108例，30天為1個療程，連服2-3個療程。結果：患者的失眠多夢、心悸健忘、腰腿酸軟、神疲乏力、煩躁等各種癥狀有明顯改善，有效率為90%以上。
對糖尿病的效果
靈芝孢子粉具有改善胰臟血液循環，提高胰臟生理功能，降低血糖，改善糖尿病人癥狀等。據協和等醫院用靈芝孢子粉治療氣陰兩虛癥狀的糖尿病人。結果表明：應試病人用靈芝孢子粉治療後，總有效率為88.5%。
降血脂的功效
靈芝孢子粉對降低血脂有明顯功效，高血脂患者除血液中血脂含量偏高外，還伴有神疲、乏力、頭暈目眩、氣短、胸悶氣憋、食欲不良、腰酸腿軟等癥狀。
营养价值
含水分、蛋白质、粗纤维、灰分、胡萝卜素、维生素B、维生素c、烟酸、维生素E、钾、钠、钙、镁、铁、锰、锌、铜、磷、硒、肌红蛋白、p一胡萝卜素、海胆烯酮、鸡油菌黄质、磷质、甾醇以及葡萄糖甙、香树脂醇类等。芝含有麦角固醇、有机酸、氨基酸、葡萄糖、多糖类、树脂、甘露醇、生物碱、内酯、香豆精、水溶性蛋白质和多种酶类。
食用功效
1、抗肿瘤：它可显著提高机体的免疫功能，增强患者自身的抗癌能力。
2、保肝解毒：灵芝能促进肝脏对药物、毒物的代谢，对于中毒性肝炎有确切的疗效。
3、防治心血管疾病：灵芝可有效地扩张冠状动脉，增加冠脉血流量，增强心肌氧和能量的供给。
4、防治高血脂：有降低动脉壁胆固醇含量、软化血管、防止进一步损伤的作用。
5、防治中风：可改善局部微循环，阻止血小板聚集。这些功效对于多种类型的中风有良好的防治作用。
可改善局部微循环，阻止血小板聚集。这些功效对于多种类型的中风有良好的防治作用。
适用人群
一般人群均可食用。
1、靈芝多醣
靈芝中含有的多醣是一種非常獨特的物質，也是最有益的成分之一，有很廣泛的藥理活性，可以顯著提升人體免疫力，提高機體耐缺氧能力，幫助消除自由基，抑制腫瘤，有效的抵抗輻射，保護身體。
2、靈芝酸
靈芝算的主要作用是止痛、鎮靜、抑制組織胺釋放，有解毒、保肝、殺滅腫瘤細胞等功效；是靈芝中重要的主要成分之一。
3、腺苷
腺苷的主要作用是降低血液粘度，抑制身體內血小板的凝聚，可以提高血液供氧能力、加速血液循環，並且提高血液對心、腦的供氧能力。
4、小分子蛋白質
這些物質進入身體後，可以對人體免疫進行一個合理的調節，主要功效是提高人體免疫力，抵抗過敏，抵抗B型肝炎等。
5、有機鍺
這種物質的主要作用是提高人體血液含氧量，活化細胞的代謝功能，可以完全和身體內重金屬相結合，並且有效的排泄出身體外，有抵抗衰老、延年益壽的的作用。
6、多種胺基酸及微量元素
這些元素都是人體所必須的營養元素。
靈芝的營養價值
1、無毒、無副作用；
2、適合長期服用，長服可延年益壽。
3、不特定對某器官有療效，可以使全部器官機能正常化。
4、適合人群廣泛，可養生、可治病，老少皆宜。
靈芝的功效
1、保肝解毒
靈芝泡水飲用以後，對我們的肝臟是具體非常大的保護作用的；無論是肝臟損傷前還是損傷後，大家都可以用靈芝泡水喝，對不同程度的損傷都可以起到修復的作用；並且靈芝還可以減少毒物對肝臟的影響，促進代謝，可以改善中毒性肝炎、慢性肝炎、肝功能障礙、肝硬化等，長期服用，可以有效的提高肝功能代謝能力。
2、防治高血壓
靈芝泡水喝，可以有效的降低身體中膽固醇含量、脂蛋白、甘油三酯的含量，並且對預防動脈粥樣硬化也有很大的防治效果。對於那些身體已經出現動脈粥樣硬化的患者來說，飲用靈芝水還可以起到軟化血管的作用，可以預防疾病對身體的進一步損傷。患有高血脂的患者喝靈芝水，可以促進身體健康的恢復；並且對於身體虛弱的老年人來說，可以有效的提高身體素質。
3、防治心血管疾病
靈芝泡水喝，可以擴張我們的冠狀動脈，增加血流量，那麼心肌的微循環也可以得到很大的改善，長期堅持飲用的話，對於心肌缺血也有很好的保護作用，尤其對對於心絞痛、冠心病等疾病都可以起到很好的防治效果。
4、預防腫瘤
身體免疫力底下，那麼腫瘤細胞就會入侵身體，進入身體再擴散，沒有及時的醫治的情況下，就會危及生命安全。靈芝泡水喝的話，可以有效的激活和調節身體內的免疫能力，可增強患者的免疫力；並且可以促使白細胞介素的生成速度大大提高，這樣吞噬細胞的吞噬能力也可以增強，身體的造血能力也可以大大提高，對於癌細胞的抑制能力也可以增強，再加上一些藥物還有手術進行輔佐，病魔自然就會遠離。
1. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide
The polysaccharide contained in Ganoderma lucidum is a very unique substance and one of the most beneficial components. It has a wide range of pharmacological activities, which can significantly enhance human immunity, improve the body's ability to tolerate hypoxia, help eliminate free radicals, and inhibit tumors. Effectively resist radiation and protect the body.
2. Ganoderma lucidum
The main functions of Ganoderma lucidum are pain relief, sedation, inhibition of histamine release, detoxification, liver protection, and tumor cell killing; it is one of the important main components of Ganoderma lucidum.
3. Adenosine
The main function of adenosine is to reduce blood viscosity and inhibit the aggregation of platelets in the body, which can improve blood oxygen supply capacity, accelerate blood circulation, and improve blood oxygen supply capacity to the heart and brain.
4. Small molecule protein
After these substances enter the body, they can regulate the body's immunity in a reasonable way. The main effect is to improve the body's immunity, resist allergies, and resist hepatitis B.
5. Organic germanium
The main function of this substance is to increase the oxygen content of human blood and activate the metabolic function of cells. It can be completely combined with heavy metals in the body, and can be effectively excreted from the body, which has the effect of resisting aging and prolonging life.
6. Various amino acids and trace elements
These elements are all essential nutrients for the human body.
The nutritional value of Lingzhi
1. Non-toxic, no side effects;
2. Suitable for long-term use, long-term use can prolong life.
3. It does not have a specific effect on a certain organ, and can normalize the function of all organs.
4. It is suitable for a wide range of people, can maintain health, can cure diseases, and is suitable for all ages.
Effects of Lingzhi
1. Liver protection and detoxification
After drinking Ganoderma lucidum in water, it has a very specific protective effect on our liver; whether it is before or after liver damage, everyone can drink Ganoderma lucidum in water, which can repair different degrees of damage; And Ganoderma lucidum can also reduce the impact of poisons on the liver, promote metabolism, can improve toxic hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver dysfunction, liver cirrhosis, etc. Long-term use can effectively improve liver function and metabolism.
2. Prevention and treatment of high blood pressure
Drinking Ganoderma lucidum in water can effectively reduce the content of cholesterol, lipoprotein and triglyceride in the body, and also has a great preventive effect on preventing atherosclerosis. For those patients who have developed atherosclerosis in their bodies, drinking Ganoderma lucidum water can also soften blood vessels, which can prevent further damage to the body by the disease. Patients suffering from hyperlipidemia drinking Ganoderma lucidum water can promote the recovery of physical health; and for the frail elderly, it can effectively improve physical fitness.
3. Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease
Drinking Ganoderma lucidum in water can expand our coronary arteries and increase blood flow, so the microcirculation of the myocardium can also be greatly improved. If you drink it for a long time, it also has a good protective effect on myocardial ischemia, especially for angina pectoris, Coronary heart disease and other diseases can play a good role in prevention and treatment.
4. Prevent cancer
If the body's immunity is under, then tumor cells will invade the body, enter the body and spread again, without timely treatment, it will endanger life safety. If Ganoderma lucidum is soaked in water, it can effectively activate and regulate the immune ability in the body, which can enhance the patient's immunity; and can greatly increase the production rate of interleukins, so that the phagocytic ability of phagocytes can also be enhanced, and the body's hematopoietic The ability can also be greatly improved, and the ability to inhibit cancer cells can also be enhanced. Coupled with some drugs and surgery to assist, the disease will naturally stay away.
https://www.puercn.com/huacha/gongxiao/188219.html
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/reishi-mushroom-benefits#TOC_TITLE_HDR_3
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326520#side-effects
https://www.wellandgood.com/reishi-mushroom-benefits/https://www.mindbodygreen.com/articles/reishi-mushrooms-6-awesome-health-benefits
https://www.verywellfit.com/the-benefits-of-ganoderma-89565
第五章 靈芝的栽培
靈芝的培育方式（台記生技）
我們常見的靈芝產品，以人工培育的方式主要分為３種：
１．椴木栽培：
（１）挑選優良菌種，在接種於椴木上
（２）選擇適合椴木：所用的椴木必須選擇材質堅硬且含水量要達40-45%。
（３）嚴格環境把關：在栽培菌絲體階段，培養場所需乾淨清潔、溫度不宜過高，且不宜有光照，以免影響其生長速度。
（４）成本高，但營養價值高：栽培出的靈芝有著特殊的香氣，營養成分高
２．真空包栽培：
（１）成本較低：原料價格便宜，為台灣靈芝生產的主流方法。
（２）栽培方式：太空包培養基的主要源料是鋸木屑再將米糠、玉米粉、碳酸鈣、石灰等介質材料，依比例混合，再將培養材料混合後，裝入p.p塑膠袋，做為栽培的原料。
（３）營養價值低：以太空包栽培的靈芝，由於培養基質疏鬆、菌絲營養生長階段過旺， 以致形成子實體的時間很短、有效成份的生化形成過程不完整、不成熟，故無法形成內含物豐富、營養充足的子 實體，雖外觀上或許與原木栽培極為相似，但藥效不高。
３．液體培養菌絲體：
（１）栽培方式：菌絲體可以用深層培養發酵液，把靈芝菌種植於其中。
（２）生長速度快：約需6天便能生產完畢，從準備到收成的整個過程，約需20來天。
（３）營養價值低：成本低，常會缺乏一些天然靈芝中特有的成份（例如三帖類），在效果及品質上不免會有所影響。
Ganoderma lucidum cultivation method
Our common Ganoderma lucidum products are mainly divided into three types by artificial cultivation:
1. Basswood cultivation:
(1) Select excellent strains and inoculate on basswood
(2) Choose suitable basswood: The basswood used must be hard and the water content should reach 40-45%.
(3) Strict environmental control: In the stage of cultivating mycelium, the cultivation field needs to be clean, the temperature should not be too high, and there should be no light, so as not to affect its growth rate.
(4) High cost, but high nutritional value: The cultivated Ganoderma lucidum has a special aroma and high nutritional value
2. Vacuum bag cultivation:
(1) Low cost: The raw material is cheap, and it is the mainstream method for the production of Ganoderma lucidum in Taiwan.
(2) Cultivation method: The main source of medium for the space bag is sawdust, and then the medium materials such as rice bran, corn meal, calcium carbonate, lime, etc. are mixed according to the proportion. After mixing the culture materials, put them into p.p plastic bags as raw materials for cultivation.
(3) Low nutritional value: Ganoderma lucidum cultivated in space bags, due to loose culture medium and excessive vegetative growth stage of mycelium, As a result, the time for the formation of fruiting bodies is very short, and the biochemical formation process of active ingredients is incomplete and immature.
Therefore, it is impossible to form fruiting bodies with rich contents and sufficient nutrition. Although the appearance may be very similar to log cultivation, the medicinal effect is not high.
3. Liquid culture mycelium:
(1) Cultivation method: Mycelium can be cultivated in deep fermentation broth, and Ganoderma lucidum can be planted in it.
(2) Fast growth: It takes about 6 days to complete the production, and the whole process from preparation to harvest takes about 20 days.
(3) Low nutritional value: low cost, often lack of some unique ingredients in natural Ganoderma lucidum (for example, Santie), which will inevitably affect the effect and quality.
第六章靈芝的食用方法
靈芝茶怎麼泡?
靈芝茶具有免疫調節、耐缺氧、抗疲勞的保健作用，是從靈芝中提煉精製而成的天然保健品。靈芝茶的應用範圍非常廣泛。靈芝茶入五臟，補全身之氣，心、肺、肝、脾、腎臟虛弱，均可服之。靈芝茶具有扶正固本，增強免疫，提高機體抵抗力的作用。它不同於一般藥物對某種疾病的治療作用，亦不同於一般營養保健食品只對某一方面營養素的不足進行補充和強化，而是在整體上雙向調節人體機能平衡，調動機體內部活力，調節人體新陳代謝機能，提高自身免疫能力，促使全部的內臟或器官機能正常化。而在靈芝茶選料上，以“赤靈芝”為佳，“紫靈芝”次之。
靈芝茶有什麼功效?
原文網址：https://kknews.cc/health/9x886b5.html
1.靈芝銀耳茶
材料：靈芝5克，銀耳(幹)10克，白砂糖5克
做法：靈芝、銀耳用清水洗淨。銀耳泡發浸透後切成碎片，與靈芝置於杯中，注入適量沸水，蓋上杯蓋燜一夜。加入冰糖適量，攪拌均勻即可，分早中晚食用。
功效：保肝、安神、益智。銀耳能滋陰潤肺，故痰多清稀、屬脾陽不振而濕濁生痰者不宜服用。
2.靈芝甘草茶
材料：靈芝6克，甘草5克。
做法：將靈芝、甘草加水400毫升，煎煮20分鐘。
功效：補虛強身，安神定志。適用於遷延性肝炎。
原文網址：https://kknews.cc/health/9x886b5.html
1.抗腫瘤
靈芝可通過促進白細胞介素-2的生成，促進巨噬細胞的吞噬功能，提升人體的造血能力尤其是白細胞的指標水準，從而預防和抑制癌細胞的發生和發展。
2.保肝解毒
靈芝能促進肝臟對藥物、毒素的代謝，並可有效改善肝功能，使其相關指標趨於正常。
3.調節血管系統
靈芝能有效地擴張冠狀動脈，增加冠脈血流量，改善心肌微循環，增強心肌氧和能量的供給;靈芝可明顯降低血膽固醇、脂蛋白和甘油三脂，並能預防動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的形成。還可改善微循環，阻止血小板聚集。
4.抗衰老
靈芝所含的多醣、多肽等，能促進和調整免疫功能;調節代謝平衡，促進核酸和蛋白質的合成，抗自由基，還能顯著促進細胞核內DNA的合成能力，增加細胞的分裂代數。具有非常顯著的延緩衰老功效。
5.抗神經衰弱
傳統醫學稱靈芝能“安神”、“增智慧”、“不忘”。現代醫學證實，靈芝對神經衰弱、失眠有顯著效果，能有效調節中樞神經系統，鎮靜安神作用明顯
6.調節高血壓
據一醫院報告，將靈芝用於18例高血壓者，總有效率達88.9%。另有報導，將靈芝用於高血壓30例，總有效率為88.3%。
7.調節糖尿病
服用靈芝可改善血糖、尿糖症狀，能取代或減少胰島素用量。靈芝中水溶性多醣。可減輕非胰島素依賴型糖尿病的發病程度。
8.鎮咳祛痰平喘
靈芝對於緩解慢性支氣管炎的咳、痰、喘症狀及防止喘息發作有顯著效果。
9.抗過敏
實驗證明：靈芝可阻斷過敏反應介質的釋放，防止過敏反應的發生，對變態反應性或自身免疫性疾病，都有較好的效果。
10.美容養顏
靈芝可改善微循環、清除皮膚色素、提高身體機能、保持年輕態，使人容光煥發，青春長駐。靈芝茶的10大功效 怎麼泡好？
What are the benefits of Ganoderma lucidum tea?
Original URL: https://kknews.cc/health/9x886b5.html
1. Ganoderma lucidum and white fungus tea
Material: 5 grams of Ganoderma Lucidum, 10 grams of Tremella (dry), 5 grams of white sugar
Practice: Rinse Ganoderma lucidum and white fungus with water. After soaking the white fungus foam, cut it into pieces, put it in a cup with Ganoderma lucidum, pour an appropriate amount of boiling water, cover the cup and simmer overnight. Add the right amount of rock sugar, stir well, and serve in the morning, noon and night.
Efficacy: Liver protection, soothe the nerves, puzzle. Tremella can nourish yin and moisten the lung, so it is not suitable for people with excessive phlegm, spleen-yang insufficiency and dampness and phlegm.
2. Ganoderma lucidum tea
Material: 6 grams of Ganoderma lucidum, 5 grams of licorice.
Method: Add 400 ml of water with Ganoderma lucidum and licorice, and cook for 20 minutes.
Efficacy: Tonic to strengthen the body, soothe the mind and resolve. For persistent hepatitis.
Original URL: https://kknews.cc/health/9x886b5.html
1. Anti-tumor
Ganoderma lucidum can prevent and inhibit the occurrence and development of cancer cells by promoting the production of interleukin-2, promoting the phagocytic function of macrophages, and improving the body's hematopoietic ability, especially the level of white blood cells.
2. Liver protection and detoxification
Ganoderma lucidum can promote the metabolism of drugs and toxins in the liver, and can effectively improve liver function, so that its related indicators tend to be normal.
3. Regulates the vascular system
Ganoderma lucidum can effectively expand coronary arteries, increase coronary blood flow, improve myocardial microcirculation, and enhance myocardial oxygen and energy supply; Ganoderma lucidum can significantly reduce blood cholesterol, lipoproteins and triglycerides, and can prevent atherosclerotic plaques Formation. It can also improve microcirculation and prevent platelet aggregation.
4. Anti-aging
The polysaccharides and polypeptides contained in Ganoderma lucidum can promote and adjust immune function; regulate metabolic balance, promote the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, resist free radicals, and can significantly promote the synthesis of DNA in the nucleus and increase the number of cell divisions. Has a very significant anti-aging effect.
5. Anti-neurasthenia
Traditional medicine claims that Ganoderma lucidum can "soothe the nerves", "increase wisdom" and "not forget". Modern medicine has confirmed that Ganoderma lucidum has a significant effect on neurasthenia and insomnia, can effectively regulate the central nervous system, and has obvious sedative and soothing effects.
6. Regulates high blood pressure
According to a hospital report, Ganoderma lucidum was used in 18 cases of hypertension, and the total effective rate was 88.9%. It was also reported that Ganoderma lucidum was used in 30 cases of hypertension, and the total effective rate was 88.3%.
7. Regulates diabetes
Taking Ganoderma lucidum can improve the symptoms of blood sugar and urine sugar, and can replace or reduce the dosage of insulin. Water-soluble polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum. Can reduce the incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
8. Antitussive, expectorant and asthma
Ganoderma lucidum has a significant effect on relieving cough, phlegm and asthma symptoms of chronic bronchitis and preventing wheezing attacks.
9. Anti-allergic
Experiments have shown that Ganoderma lucidum can block the release of allergic reaction mediators, prevent the occurrence of allergic reactions, and have good effects on allergic or autoimmune diseases.
10. Beauty and beauty
Ganoderma lucidum can improve microcirculation, clear skin pigment, improve body function, maintain youthful state, make people radiant and youthful. 10 major effects of Ganoderma lucidum tea How to make it well?
靈芝的營養組成有哪些？
靈芝的多醣體和三萜類物質被公認為2種最有功效的成份 [1] [2]。多醣體是從靈芝子實體、孢子和菌絲體中提取 [3]，它能使身體充滿活力並幫助減少毒素，抑制和消除進入體內的致病性入侵者，如病毒、細菌和真菌 (念珠菌)，它還有抗腫瘤和免疫刺激作用。
三萜類物質，已被證明對身體有廣泛的有益作用，包括抗氧化、抗發炎、抗高血壓、抗細菌、抗病毒、抗哮喘、抗腫瘤、抗人類免疫缺陷病毒、膽固醇平衡、保肝等 [4]。
靈芝被推薦的實證功效、好處有哪些？
1.增強免疫力
食用靈芝可以讓身體透過抗體更快抵抗入侵的細菌或病毒來增強免疫系統，減少對身體的傷害。
💡2009 年研究證實，使用靈芝可以增強患者對感染的免疫反應[5]。靈芝可以強化白血球，當身體檢測到細菌和病毒侵入時能夠更快地反應，使細菌可以在對我們的身體造成進一步傷害之前被消滅 [6]。
2.使高血壓正常化
靈芝中的靈芝酸 B 和 C (ganoderic acid B and C) 可以幫助改善高血壓。
💡多項研究證明靈芝對心血管、高血壓有正面的作用，研究人員認為靈芝酸 B 和 C ，可以抑制我們血管中膽固醇的形成和合成[7] [8]。
3.保持肝臟健康強壯
食用靈芝可以幫助維持肝臟健康，可以減少肝臟中的毒素。
💡自 2000 年以來，已有 30 多項科學研究證明了這一點，同樣該研究也發現靈芝可以提高肝臟的再生率[9] [10]。靈芝可以提供全方位的肝臟保護。同時在肝臟受傷的情況下，靈芝會促進肝細胞繁殖，達成修復的目標。
4.幫助治療癌症
靈芝是眾多抗癌食品之一，多醣體體是目前已知具有抗腫瘤特性的成份。
💡研究表示它們可以保護細胞的 DNA 並防止突變成癌細胞。此外研究發現靈芝中的三萜類物質 (triterpene) 也具有抗癌特性，該成分可幫助去除癌細胞附著到內部細胞來阻止腫瘤生長和繁殖[11] [12]。
5.幫助長壽
靈芝抗衰老效果已被認可和讚揚數千年，古代煉金術士使用靈芝來尋求永生的方式。現代醫學也證明了靈芝擁有抗衰老的效果。
💡2013 年的研究發現，使用靈芝的受試者壽命比沒有使用靈芝的壽命長 9％ 到 20％ [13] [14]。靈芝分子中存在的抗氧化劑被認為是讓人長壽的原因 [15]。
6.減少落髮
使用靈芝可以幫助恢復年輕。具有遺傳傾向男性禿髮的患者，對頭皮中的二氫睪酮敏感，這是雄激素性脫髮的主要原因 [16]。
💡2005 年，日本科學家測試了 19 種不同的蘑菇，包括靈芝，想知道哪種蘑菇最能抑制 5α-還原酶，他們對大鼠肝臟和前列腺微粒體 (microsome) 進行了測試。結果靈芝在所有測試的蘑菇之中，顯示出 5α-還原酶減少的最高百分比，介於 70％ 和 80％ 之間[17]。
7.改善認知障礙
許多疾病目前還沒有治癒方法，包括阿茲海默症和亨丁頓舞蹈症等。靈芝適合刺激大腦的生長和更快恢復，靈芝的成份可以幫助大腦更順暢地工作，從而防止暫時或永久性的損害 。
💡研究發現，靈芝的萃取物能刺激大腦活動，具有一定的神經保護作用，特別是刺激神經生長更快，這是維持大腦健康的重要環節[18] [19]。
8.幫助治療關節發炎
關節炎是一種常見但未被充分了解的疾病，據記載，實際上有超過 100 種不同的關節炎和關節疾病。靈芝具有抗發炎作用，可以保護關節。
💡根據研究，靈芝有助於預防和緩解類風濕性關節炎 (rheumatoid arthritis) 和乾癬性關節炎 (psoriatic arthritis) 引起的疼痛，它針對導致發炎的自體免疫反應來做到這一點 [20] [21]。如果患有關節炎並想採取攝取保健品來保養的方式，使用靈芝是最佳的選擇之一 [22]。
9.幫助減肥
靈芝可以幫助改善消化系統，更有效地排出體內廢物，從而減輕體重。
💡在紐約 Memorial Sloan-Kettering 癌症中心進行的一項研究中，靈芝裡的活性成分，食用後可以提高新陳代謝率，可使身體更有效地的運用能量，並使食物更有效地消化，進而導致減肥。靈芝還可以提升血液提供氧氣的速度。根據Memorial Sloan-Kettering 癌症中心的說法，由於靈芝含有多醣體體，可以作為體內強大的解毒劑，多醣體體也可以促進身體自然癒合的過程，也被認為有助於消化 [23] [24]。
10.預防肉瘤的增殖
靈芝對肉瘤和其他腫瘤細胞產生顯著影響，它透過限制體內肉瘤誘導癌細胞的數量來預防癌症。
💡最近的研究發現，靈芝的成分對於肉瘤有關鍵作用，該實驗的重點是採用註射肉瘤細胞的小鼠，在使用高劑量的靈芝後，可以延緩小鼠的死亡時間[25]。
11.對心血管健康有益
食用靈芝可對心血管健康產生直接、正面的影響，靈芝中的活性成份具有降血脂、降低膽固醇和抗氧化的特性。
💡針對 398 名參與者進行了試驗，從結果可以得出結論，攝取靈芝有助於降低膽固醇、空腹血糖和體內三酸甘油酯，還有助於減輕糖尿病的症狀，特別是第二型糖尿病 [26]。改善膽固醇、血壓和低密度脂蛋白等，有益於心血管健康。
12.抗擊疲勞和抑鬱
靈芝除了對免疫系統有益，它還有其他潛在的優勢。初步研究，靈芝可以減少疲勞、焦慮和抑鬱，並改善某些疾病患者的生活品質。
💡一項對 132 例神經衰弱患者的研究，研究人員發現服使用靈芝 8 週受試者後疲勞減少，健康狀況得到改善 [27]。另一項研究發現，在 48 名乳腺癌倖存者中服用靈芝 4 週後，疲勞減少，生活品質得到改善，研究也發現受試者同時也減少了焦慮和憂鬱的症狀 [28]。
靈芝有副作用嗎？
主要有幾種特別的情況，應該避免使用靈芝，包括懷孕或哺乳、血液疾病、手術或低血壓的人 [29]。
1. 懷孕或哺乳：目前沒有足夠訊息來說明這些族群使用靈芝的安全性，應保持安全，避免使用。
2. 凝血功能不良、手術前2週的人群：高劑量的靈芝會使凝血速度延遲，增加出血風險。
3. 低血壓：靈芝可能有降血壓效果，為保安全，低血壓人群請避免使用靈芝。
鹽少許
步驟
電鍋的內鍋放入藥燉包倒入1200~1500CC的水，外鍋倒入一量米的水，煮到開關跳起後拿出藥渣包，留下蒸好的藥湯
靈芝被推薦的實證功效、好處有哪些？
1.增強免疫力
食用靈芝可以讓身體透過抗體更快抵抗入侵的細菌或病毒來增強免疫系統，減少對身體的傷害。
💡2009 年研究證實，使用靈芝可以增強患者對感染的免疫反應[5]。靈芝可以強化白血球，當身體檢測到細菌和病毒侵入時能夠更快地反應，使細菌可以在對我們的身體造成進一步傷害之前被消滅 [6]。
2.使高血壓正常化
靈芝中的靈芝酸 B 和 C (ganoderic acid B and C) 可以幫助改善高血壓。
💡多項研究證明靈芝對心血管、高血壓有正面的作用，研究人員認為靈芝酸 B 和 C ，可以抑制我們血管中膽固醇的形成和合成[7] [8]。
3.保持肝臟健康強壯
食用靈芝可以幫助維持肝臟健康，可以減少肝臟中的毒素。
💡自 2000 年以來，已有 30 多項科學研究證明了這一點，同樣該研究也發現靈芝可以提高肝臟的再生率[9] [10]。靈芝可以提供全方位的肝臟保護。同時在肝臟受傷的情況下，靈芝會促進肝細胞繁殖，達成修復的目標。
4.幫助治療癌症
靈芝是眾多抗癌食品之一，多醣體體是目前已知具有抗腫瘤特性的成份。
💡研究表示它們可以保護細胞的 DNA 並防止突變成癌細胞。此外研究發現靈芝中的三萜類物質 (triterpene) 也具有抗癌特性，該成分可幫助去除癌細胞附著到內部細胞來阻止腫瘤生長和繁殖[11] [12]。
5.幫助長壽
靈芝抗衰老效果已被認可和讚揚數千年，古代煉金術士使用靈芝來尋求永生的方式。現代醫學也證明了靈芝擁有抗衰老的效果。
💡2013 年的研究發現，使用靈芝的受試者壽命比沒有使用靈芝的壽命長 9％ 到 20％ [13] [14]。靈芝分子中存在的抗氧化劑被認為是讓人長壽的原因 [15]。
6.減少落髮
使用靈芝可以幫助恢復年輕。具有遺傳傾向男性禿髮的患者，對頭皮中的二氫睪酮敏感，這是雄激素性脫髮的主要原因 [16]。
💡2005 年，日本科學家測試了 19 種不同的蘑菇，包括靈芝，想知道哪種蘑菇最能抑制 5α-還原酶，他們對大鼠肝臟和前列腺微粒體 (microsome) 進行了測試。結果靈芝在所有測試的蘑菇之中，顯示出 5α-還原酶減少的最高百分比，介於 70％ 和 80％ 之間[17]。
7.改善認知障礙
許多疾病目前還沒有治癒方法，包括阿茲海默症和亨丁頓舞蹈症等。靈芝適合刺激大腦的生長和更快恢復，靈芝的成份可以幫助大腦更順暢地工作，從而防止暫時或永久性的損害 。
💡研究發現，靈芝的萃取物能刺激大腦活動，具有一定的神經保護作用，特別是刺激神經生長更快，這是維持大腦健康的重要環節[18] [19]。
8.幫助治療關節發炎
關節炎是一種常見但未被充分了解的疾病，據記載，實際上有超過 100 種不同的關節炎和關節疾病。靈芝具有抗發炎作用，可以保護關節。
💡根據研究，靈芝有助於預防和緩解類風濕性關節炎 (rheumatoid arthritis) 和乾癬性關節炎 (psoriatic arthritis) 引起的疼痛，它針對導致發炎的自體免疫反應來做到這一點 [20] [21]。如果患有關節炎並想採取攝取保健品來保養的方式，使用靈芝是最佳的選擇之一 [22]。
9.幫助減肥
靈芝可以幫助改善消化系統，更有效地排出體內廢物，從而減輕體重。
💡在紐約 Memorial Sloan-Kettering 癌症中心進行的一項研究中，靈芝裡的活性成分，食用後可以提高新陳代謝率，可使身體更有效地的運用能量，並使食物更有效地消化，進而導致減肥。靈芝還可以提升血液提供氧氣的速度。根據Memorial Sloan-Kettering 癌症中心的說法，由於靈芝含有多醣體體，可以作為體內強大的解毒劑，多醣體體也可以促進身體自然癒合的過程，也被認為有助於消化 [23] [24]。
10.預防肉瘤的增殖
靈芝對肉瘤和其他腫瘤細胞產生顯著影響，它透過限制體內肉瘤誘導癌細胞的數量來預防癌症。
💡最近的研究發現，靈芝的成分對於肉瘤有關鍵作用，該實驗的重點是採用註射肉瘤細胞的小鼠，在使用高劑量的靈芝後，可以延緩小鼠的死亡時間[25]。
11.對心血管健康有益
食用靈芝可對心血管健康產生直接、正面的影響，靈芝中的活性成份具有降血脂、降低膽固醇和抗氧化的特性。
💡針對 398 名參與者進行了試驗，從結果可以得出結論，攝取靈芝有助於降低膽固醇、空腹血糖和體內三酸甘油酯，還有助於減輕糖尿病的症狀，特別是第二型糖尿病 [26]。改善膽固醇、血壓和低密度脂蛋白等，有益於心血管健康。
12.抗擊疲勞和抑鬱
靈芝除了對免疫系統有益，它還有其他潛在的優勢。初步研究，靈芝可以減少疲勞、焦慮和抑鬱，並改善某些疾病患者的生活品質。
💡一項對 132 例神經衰弱患者的研究，研究人員發現服使用靈芝 8 週受試者後疲勞減少，健康狀況得到改善 [27]。另一項研究發現，在 48 名乳腺癌倖存者中服用靈芝 4 週後，疲勞減少，生活品質得到改善，研究也發現受試者同時也減少了焦慮和憂鬱的症狀 [28]。
靈芝有副作用嗎？
主要有幾種特別的情況，應該避免使用靈芝，包括懷孕或哺乳、血液疾病、手術或低血壓的人 [29]。
1. 懷孕或哺乳：目前沒有足夠訊息來說明這些族群使用靈芝的安全性，應保持安全，避免使用。
2. 凝血功能不良、手術前2週的人群：高劑量的靈芝會使凝血速度延遲，增加出血風險。
3. 低血壓：靈芝可能有降血壓效果，為保安全，低血壓人群請避免使用靈芝。
靈芝屬[編輯]
| 靈芝屬 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Ganoderma lucidum | |
科學分類 | |
| 界： | 真菌界 Fungi |
| 門： | 擔子菌門 Basidiomycota |
| 綱： | 傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes |
| 目： | 多孔菌目 Polyporales |
| 科： | 靈芝科 Ganodermataceae |
| 屬： | 靈芝屬 Ganoderma P.Karst（1881） |
| 模式種 | |
| Ganoderma lucidum （Curtis）P.Karst.（1881） | |
| 物種 | |
| |
靈芝屬（學名：Ganoderma），又稱木靈芝、神芝、芝草、仙草、瑞草，廣義上靈芝包括靈芝科及其近緣科屬的種類，狹義上則是指廣泛栽培的特定種類。[1]
紫芝含麥角固醇（Ergosterol）、有機酸（順蓖麻酸、延胡索酸等）、氨基葡萄糖、多糖類、樹脂、甘露醇等。
赤芝含麥角固醇、樹脂、脂肪酸、甘露醇和多糖類，又含生物鹼、內酯、香豆精、水溶性蛋白質和多種酶類。
形態[編輯]
赤芝菌蓋為腎形，上面赤褐色，有漆狀光澤和雲狀環紋，下面為淡黃色，有許多細孔；紅褐色有光澤的長菌柄。
歷史[編輯]
靈芝主要分布在中國大陸、台灣和日本。在中國，靈芝一詞最早出現在東漢張衡《西京賦》：「浸石菌於重涯，濯靈芝以朱柯」之中，但在更早的先秦古籍中就有有關於靈芝的記載。訖今發現最早關於靈芝的詳細記載的書籍是《太上靈寶芝草品》，此書介紹靈芝的服食和指導採集靈芝的圖譜，《太上靈寶芝草品》又是《道藏》的一部分，而《道藏》又是道教典集總集，所以靈芝在道教上又蒙上一層神秘的色彩。成書於東漢末年的《神農本草經》則更側重於靈芝的藥理藥性的介紹，《神農本草經》說靈芝：「養命以應天，無毒，多服久服不傷人，輕身益氣，不老延年。」明代李時珍所著的《本草綱目》記載靈芝乃「上藥」，所收芝類有青芝、赤芝、黃芝、白芝、黑芝、紫芝，亦為六種，每種均按釋名、集解、正誤、修治、氣味、主治、附方等項。按五行的哲理，白芝屬金、青芝屬木、黑芝屬水、赤芝和紫芝屬火、黃芝屬土。靈芝味甘、微苦，藥性平和，主要功能是補中益氣，養心安神，用於虛勞羸弱、食慾不振、心悸怔仲、失眠健忘以及咳痰喘息，久嗽不止。現還用於促進心腦血管系統健康，以及改善神經衰弱、慢性呼吸系統毛病等[2]。
生長環境[編輯]
靈芝一般生長在濕度高且光線昏暗的山林中，主要生長在腐樹或是其樹木的根部，而不是像一些文藝作品中介紹的長在松柏的枝上。靈芝不是植物，自身不能進行光合作用，只能從其他有機物或是腐樹中攝取養料。靈芝是一種堅硬、多孢子和微帶苦澀的大型真菌。當達到成熟期的靈芝就會噴出粉狀的孢子，從而進行繁殖。現在野生的靈芝已經很少見，且品質不容易控制，當今以中國海南島產量最多，菌種最豐富，市場上大部分都是人工種植的，中國大陸比較出名的人工種植靈芝的產地是福建省武夷山。另台灣研究靈芝較出名的靈芝產地有臺北、石碇與花蓮。
靈芝的分類學新發現[編輯]
靈芝是中國著名的藥用蕈類，世界上年產值1000億新台幣。數十年來，國際上一直以Ganoderma lucidum作為靈芝的學名。然而，經國立自然科學博物館吳聲華博士進行兩岸學術合作，發現東亞地區栽培的靈芝為世界新種。靈芝的正型標本採自湖北武漢附近森林，保存於台灣國立自然科學博物館。[3][4]
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